প্রসন্নন পার্থসারথী বলছেন ১৬০০-১৮০০র মধ্যে বিশ্বজুড়ে ১,৪২,০০০ টন রূপো উতপাদিত হয়েছে, যার একপঞ্চমাংশ ২৮,০০০ টন উপমহাদেশেই এসেছে। চিন কেন্দ্রিক এশিয় বিকাশের প্রবক্তা আন্দ্রে গুণ্ডার ফ্রাঙ্কএর তত্ত্ব মোটামুটি বাতিল করে দিচ্ছেন পার্থসারথী। তবুও আমরা এই বিতর্কে না ঢুকে বলতে পারি চিন ভারত আর পারস্য তখন ছিল বিশ্ব অর্থনীতির মুল অক্ষ। আজও এই তত্ত্ব অনেকেই মানেন না। তাই দ্বিতীয় অধ্যায়ের শেষ স্তবকের শেষে মন্তব্য করছেন Yet both classic and contemporary commentators argue that the economic and political institutions of eighteenth-century India were inferior to those of Europe.
--
দ্বিতীয় অধ্যায়ের সিদ্ধান্ত
By 1700 Indian cotton cloth was consumed in the four corners of the world. As it grew in popularity, efforts to imitate it sprang up around the world as well. In Safavid Iran, cloth manufacturers copied the printed and painted calicoes of Gujarat and sold some of them in Marseilles and elsewhere in Europe as indiennes. European buyers assumed that these cloths were of Indian provenance. In the Ottoman Empire, cotton cloth printing became a major manufacturing activity in Tokat and other towns and cities in Anatolia. These Ottoman products were also exported to Europe where they were widely demanded and consumed. The most fateful imitation of Indian cottons took place in Western Europe, where from the late seventeenth century calico printing workshops were established to print cotton as well as linen cloth in the Indian fashion. These led to attempts to manufacture the Indian cotton cloth itself and in Britain these efforts led to some of the most important technological breakthroughs of the eighteenth century. Before examining these responses to Indian cottons, the economic, political and social institutions of seventeenth and eighteenth-century India merit more careful analysis, however. The vibrant export of textiles and the large-scale import of money are evidence of a sophisticated commercial and mercantile system
দ্বিতীয় অধ্যায়ের সিদ্ধান্ত
By 1700 Indian cotton cloth was consumed in the four corners of the world. As it grew in popularity, efforts to imitate it sprang up around the world as well. In Safavid Iran, cloth manufacturers copied the printed and painted calicoes of Gujarat and sold some of them in Marseilles and elsewhere in Europe as indiennes. European buyers assumed that these cloths were of Indian provenance. In the Ottoman Empire, cotton cloth printing became a major manufacturing activity in Tokat and other towns and cities in Anatolia. These Ottoman products were also exported to Europe where they were widely demanded and consumed. The most fateful imitation of Indian cottons took place in Western Europe, where from the late seventeenth century calico printing workshops were established to print cotton as well as linen cloth in the Indian fashion. These led to attempts to manufacture the Indian cotton cloth itself and in Britain these efforts led to some of the most important technological breakthroughs of the eighteenth century. Before examining these responses to Indian cottons, the economic, political and social institutions of seventeenth and eighteenth-century India merit more careful analysis, however. The vibrant export of textiles and the large-scale import of money are evidence of a sophisticated commercial and mercantile system
No comments:
Post a Comment