এলিহু ইয়েল - কোম্পানি প্রধান এবং ব্রিটিশ দাস ব্যবসায়ী

মাদ্রাজে কোম্পানির প্রধান প্রশাসক এলিহু ইয়েল ১৬৭১এ কোম্পানির চাকরিতে যোগ দেন। দ্য হিন্দুতে প্রকাশিত প্রবন্ধে ঐতিহাসিক ভেঙ্কুলা বরদারাজন ইয়েলের চরিত্র বর্ণনা করে লিখছেন তিনি ছিলেন Arrogant, ruthless braggart (his garden-house was known for his scandalous relationships), Welshman Elihu Yale was born on April 5, 1649 in Boston, joined the East India Company in 1671, became president/governor of St George Fort in 1687, but was removed from the post for indulging in private trade." তাকে শেষ অবদি চাকরিচ্যুত করা হয়। তিনি ভারতে আসেন বাৎসরিক ১০ পাউণ্ড মাইনেতে।

এই http://digitalhistories.yctl.org/2014/11/01/elihu-yale-was-a-slave-trader/ সূত্রতে ইয়েলের দাস ব্যবসা সম্বন্ধে বলা হয়েছে "In the 1680s, when Yale served on the governing council at Fort St. George on the Madras coast, a devastating famine led to an uptick in the local slave trade. As more and more bodies became available on the open market, Yale and other company officials took advantage of the labor surplus, buying hundreds of slaves and shipping them to the English colony on Saint Helena,"

"Yale participated in a meeting that ordered a minimum of ten slaves sent on every outbound European ship. In just one month in 1687, Fort St. George exported at least 665 individuals. As governor and president of the Madras settlement, Yale enforced the ten-slaves-per-vessel rule. On two separate occasions, he sentenced 'black Criminalls' accused of burglary to suffer whipping, branding, and foreign enslavement. Although he probably did not own any of these people– the majority were held as the property of the East India Company– he certainly profited both directly and indirectly from their sale,"

দ্বিতীয় এবং তৃতীয় ছবিটা ইন্টারেস্টিং - এখান থেকেই ইয়েলের দাস ব্যবসার কুড় ধরে টানার কার্যকারণ শুরু হয়। ছবিতে রয়েছেন ইয়েল এবং লর্ড ক্যাভেন্ডিশ আর তৃতীয়জন তার ভাই চতুর্থজন তাদের আইন ব্যবস্থাপক। পঞ্চমজন চেহারায় কালো, তাদের মদ্য পাত্রে মদিরা দিয়ে চলে যাচ্ছেন, গলায় একটি রূপোলি গলবন্ধ। https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1665331 সূত্রে বলা হচ্ছে Nothing is known about the boy on the right, who has just finished pouring Madeira (a sweet, fortified wine) into the glasses on the table. His fine red and grey livery (or uniform) identifies him as a servant, and the silver collar and padlock around his neck indicate that he is enslaved. At the table sit Elihu Yale (center), William Cavendish, second Duke of Devonshire (right), and his younger brother James Cavendish (left). Near them is a man, who is identified on the back of the canvas as a lawyer named Mr. Tunstal. The portrait, which seems to be set on the Duke’s estate, Chatsworth, is believed to commemorate the signing of a marriage contract between Yale’s daughter, Anne, and James Cavendish. (The children and dancing master in the background may have been added later to represent their family.) This union between a nobleman and a merchant’s daughter was brokered by the immense fortune that Yale amassed during his time in India with the East India Company—a fortune symbolized here by his diamond ring. Yale’s prominent position in the composition suggests that he commissioned the painting. While archival sources reveal a great deal about Yale, the second Duke, and his brother, they tell us little about the young boy who serves them. We can fairly assume that he came to England on a slave ship. His proximity to the Duke suggests that he is a member of the Devonshire household. This cannot be confirmed, however, because servants’ registers from this period do not survive in the Chatsworth archive and records of Devonshire livery do not describe its appearance. Alternatively, it is possible that the boy is present here as Yale’s servant. There is no direct evidence that Yale personally owned slaves, though another portrait, now in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery, shows him with an enslaved servant. From 1687 to 1699, Yale served as governor of the East India Company’s settlement at Fort St. George, Madras (now Chennai). During that time, he oversaw the company’s slave trading activities, records of which survive in archives in Chennai. In the absence of documentary evidence about him, we need to find other ways to imagine this boy’s history—a history which, much like Elihu Yale’s own, was shaped by Britain’s imperial expansion and the transatlantic slave trade. Although he has not traditionally been understood as one of the painting’s sitters, this exhibition asks us to consider him as such.

সঙ্গে হিন্দুর আরেকটি সূত্র দেওয়া গেল https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-dark-secret-of-elihu-yale/article17375815.eceমাদ্রাজে কোম্পানির প্রধান প্রশাসক এলিহু ইয়েল ১৬৭১এ কোম্পানির চাকরিতে যোগ দেন। দ্য হিন্দুতে প্রকাশিত প্রবন্ধে ঐতিহাসিক ভেঙ্কুলা বরদারাজন ইয়েলের চরিত্র বর্ণনা করে লিখছেন তিনি ছিলেন Arrogant, ruthless braggart (his garden-house was known for his scandalous relationships), Welshman Elihu Yale was born on April 5, 1649 in Boston, joined the East India Company in 1671, became president/governor of St George Fort in 1687, but was removed from the post for indulging in private trade." তাকে শেষ অবদি চাকরিচ্যুত করা হয়। তিনি ভারতে আসেন বাৎসরিক ১০ পাউণ্ড মাইনেতে।

এই http://digitalhistories.yctl.org/2014/11/01/elihu-yale-was-a-slave-trader/ সূত্রতে ইয়েলের দা ব্যবসা সম্বন্ধে বলা হয়েছে "In the 1680s, when Yale served on the governing council at Fort St. George on the Madras coast, a devastating famine led to an uptick in the local slave trade. As more and more bodies became available on the open market, Yale and other company officials took advantage of the labor surplus, buying hundreds of slaves and shipping them to the English colony on Saint Helena,"

"Yale participated in a meeting that ordered a minimum of ten slaves sent on every outbound European ship. In just one month in 1687, Fort St. George exported at least 665 individuals. As governor and president of the Madras settlement, Yale enforced the ten-slaves-per-vessel rule. On two separate occasions, he sentenced 'black Criminalls' accused of burglary to suffer whipping, branding, and foreign enslavement. Although he probably did not own any of these people– the majority were held as the property of the East India Company– he certainly profited both directly and indirectly from their sale,"

দ্বিতীয় এবং তৃতীয় ছবিটা ইন্টারেস্টিং - এখান থেকেই ইয়েলের দাস ব্যবসার কুড় ধরে টানার কার্যকারণ শুরু হয়। ছবিতে রয়েছেন ইয়েল এবং লর্ড ক্যাভেন্ডিশ আর তৃতীয়জন তার ভাই চতুর্থজন তাদের আইন ব্যবস্থাপক। পঞ্চমজন চেহারায় কালো, তাদের মদ্য পাত্রে মদিরা দিয়ে চলে যাচ্ছেন, গলায় একটি রূপোলি গলবন্ধ। https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1665331 সূত্রে বলা হচ্ছে Nothing is known about the boy on the right, who has just finished pouring Madeira (a sweet, fortified wine) into the glasses on the table. His fine red and grey livery (or uniform) identifies him as a servant, and the silver collar and padlock around his neck indicate that he is enslaved. At the table sit Elihu Yale (center), William Cavendish, second Duke of Devonshire (right), and his younger brother James Cavendish (left). Near them is a man, who is identified on the back of the canvas as a lawyer named Mr. Tunstal. The portrait, which seems to be set on the Duke’s estate, Chatsworth, is believed to commemorate the signing of a marriage contract between Yale’s daughter, Anne, and James Cavendish. (The children and dancing master in the background may have been added later to represent their family.) This union between a nobleman and a merchant’s daughter was brokered by the immense fortune that Yale amassed during his time in India with the East India Company—a fortune symbolized here by his diamond ring. Yale’s prominent position in the composition suggests that he commissioned the painting. While archival sources reveal a great deal about Yale, the second Duke, and his brother, they tell us little about the young boy who serves them. We can fairly assume that he came to England on a slave ship. His proximity to the Duke suggests that he is a member of the Devonshire household. This cannot be confirmed, however, because servants’ registers from this period do not survive in the Chatsworth archive and records of Devonshire livery do not describe its appearance. Alternatively, it is possible that the boy is present here as Yale’s servant. There is no direct evidence that Yale personally owned slaves, though another portrait, now in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery, shows him with an enslaved servant. From 1687 to 1699, Yale served as governor of the East India Company’s settlement at Fort St. George, Madras (now Chennai). During that time, he oversaw the company’s slave trading activities, records of which survive in archives in Chennai. In the absence of documentary evidence about him, we need to find other ways to imagine this boy’s history—a history which, much like Elihu Yale’s own, was shaped by Britain’s imperial expansion and the transatlantic slave trade. Although he has not traditionally been understood as one of the painting’s sitters, this exhibition asks us to consider him as such.

সঙ্গে হিন্দুর আরেকটি সূত্র দেওয়া গেল https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-dark-secret-of-elihu-yale/article17375815.ece