প্রসন্নন বলছেন রাষ্ট্রের পক্ষে চাষীদের তাকাভি নামক ধার দেওয়া হত, হাল, বা বীজ বা অন্যান্য যন্ত্রপাতি কিনতে। এর জন্যে কোন সুদ নেওয়া হত না। এটা বিপুল পরিমান ছিল। কারিগরদের সওদাগরেরা সঠিক সময়ে পণ্য হস্তান্তরের শর্তে ধার দিতেন প্রায় বিনা সুদে বা খুবই কম সুদের হারে। এর পরিমানও বিশাল ছিল। কিন্তু বাংলার গ্রামে মহাজনেরা ১২.৫% সুদ নিতেন। কিন্তু বাৎসরিক মোট কত পরিমান ধার হিসেবে দেওয়া হত জানা যায় না।
বীমা'র হার ছিল .৫% থেকে ৪.৫%।
সুদ
...Alongside this credit market that catered to the East India Company and big Indian merchants, there existed a parallel credit system in which substantial sums of money were dispersed at zero or very low rates of interest. In Mughal India, such loans included taqavi (taccavi), which were advances from the state to peasant cultivators for the purchase of seed, cattle or investment in agricultural improvement. No interest appears to have been charged for these loans. Artisanal production in Mughal India also relied upon advances of money from merchants who did not charge interest, but demanded delivery of the product within a contracted period. Both forms of credit, again at no interest, were widespread in the eighteenth century and they were found in North India, Bengal and the South. While there are reports of very high interest rates for peasants from village moneylenders – one from eighteenth-century Bengal claimed 12.5% per month on loans for two to three months – the volume of these transactions is not known. However, interest-free loans in the form of taccavi and advances to artisans were sizable in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were essential to the workings of both agriculture and manufacturing.
...Alongside this credit market that catered to the East India Company and big Indian merchants, there existed a parallel credit system in which substantial sums of money were dispersed at zero or very low rates of interest. In Mughal India, such loans included taqavi (taccavi), which were advances from the state to peasant cultivators for the purchase of seed, cattle or investment in agricultural improvement. No interest appears to have been charged for these loans. Artisanal production in Mughal India also relied upon advances of money from merchants who did not charge interest, but demanded delivery of the product within a contracted period. Both forms of credit, again at no interest, were widespread in the eighteenth century and they were found in North India, Bengal and the South. While there are reports of very high interest rates for peasants from village moneylenders – one from eighteenth-century Bengal claimed 12.5% per month on loans for two to three months – the volume of these transactions is not known. However, interest-free loans in the form of taccavi and advances to artisans were sizable in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were essential to the workings of both agriculture and manufacturing.
বীমা
In early and mid-seventeenth-century Gujarat, the insurance premiums for the movement of goods on land ranged from 0.5 to 2.5%. The transport of cash by land could be insured at the rate of 1%. The costs of insuring on water ranged from 2 to 2.75%, with the lower rate for coastal shipping in 1622 and the higher for trade between Surat and the Persian Gulf in 1649. Insuring the coastal shipment of cash was more expensive and came to 4.5% in 1665. Habib has speculated that these low rates derived from widespread
use of insurance facilities, which reduced the risk attached to any individual transaction.
In early and mid-seventeenth-century Gujarat, the insurance premiums for the movement of goods on land ranged from 0.5 to 2.5%. The transport of cash by land could be insured at the rate of 1%. The costs of insuring on water ranged from 2 to 2.75%, with the lower rate for coastal shipping in 1622 and the higher for trade between Surat and the Persian Gulf in 1649. Insuring the coastal shipment of cash was more expensive and came to 4.5% in 1665. Habib has speculated that these low rates derived from widespread
use of insurance facilities, which reduced the risk attached to any individual transaction.
No comments:
Post a Comment